European Defence Autonomy: A Capable Answer, Wrong Layer
ECFR's plan to defend Europe with less of America is capable, and addressed to the wrong structural layer: it manages the readiness gap without closing it.
ECFR’s European Way of Defence: Structural Assessment
The European way of defence is a coordination architecture of the same kind as the alliance it answers; its partial success is the hazard.
Europe’s Defence Plan: Managing the Readiness Gap, Not Closing It
The plan would work in part, and that is exactly why the readiness gap it answers is underestimated.
Europe’s Defence Plan, 2026: The Wrong Layer
ECFR's plan reads the danger right but rebuilds the same architecture one level down, easing friction without reaching the cause.
From Capability Substitution to Decision Control
Decision control under load — authority, coherence, implementability — Europe's transition test.